Class 8 3rd Summative English Grammar – Based on Ray & Martin (WBBSE)

If you are a Class 8 student under the West Bengal Board (WBBSE), your Class 8 3rd Summative English Grammar is an important step before the annual exam. To make your preparation smooth and powerful, I’ve designed complete English grammar notes based on the Ray & Martin Question Bank, one of the most trusted grammar books in Bengal.

This post will help you:

• Understand every grammar rule in simple language,
  
• Practise with real WBBSE-style examples,
  
• Build accuracy and confidence for your 3rd Summative exam.
  

Class 8 3rd Summative English Grammar Important Notes with Explanation

These notes are 100% aligned with the latest WBBSE Class 8 syllabus and cover all important topics in detail:

1. Parts of Speech – definitions, examples, and tricks to identify easily.
   
2. Tense & Verb Forms – error correction, sentence transformation, and Bengali-to-English translation.
   
3. Voice Change (Active–Passive) – with easy patterns and model questions.
   
4. Direct & Indirect Speech (Narration) – step-by-step explanation with examples.
   
5. Prepositions & Articles – important rules, exceptions, and memory hacks.
   
6. Transformation of Sentences – degrees, voices, and sentence types simplified.
   
7. Do as Directed Practice Set – mixed grammar practice as per Ray & Martin’s 3rd Summative pattern.
   

Each section is written to help students understand first, then apply — no blind memorization needed.

Why These Notes Are Perfect for WBBSE Class 8 Students

• 🧠 Concept-Based Learning: Not just answers — it explains why an answer is right.
  
• 📖 Ray & Martin Question Bank Aligned: All questions follow the latest summative pattern.
  
• 🇮🇳 Geo-Focused for Bengal Students: Includes local context and Bengali-friendly explanations.
  
• 🔍 Exam-Oriented Practice: Questions similar to previous years’ 3rd Summative papers.
  
• 👩‍🏫 Teacher-Curated Content: Prepared by a 27+ years experienced English teacher (Shovan Ghoshal).
  

Benefits of Using These Notes

• Builds a strong grammar foundation for Class 8 & future Madhyamik level.
  
• Improves writing accuracy in compositions, letters, and comprehension answers.
  
• Boosts exam confidence through targeted practice and error analysis.
  
• Helps parents and teachers guide students systematically at home.
  

Class 8 Ray and Martin Question Bank – 3rd Summative Evaluation

Page – 259

3. (A) Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles and prepositions:

Question: _____ tigress captured in the Sundarbans _____ May 10 had to be brought to _____ Alipore Veterinary Hospital for treatment.

Answer: A tigress captured in the Sundarbans on May 10 had to be brought to the Alipore Veterinary Hospital for treatment.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• এখানে “tigress” শব্দটি প্রথমবার ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে, তাই ‘a’ আর্টিকেল ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
  
• কোনো নির্দিষ্ট তারিখ বোঝাতে ‘on May 10’ ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  
• “Alipore Veterinary Hospital” একটি নির্দিষ্ট হাসপাতাল, তাই ‘the’ ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
  

3. (B) Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate form of the verbs given in the brackets:

Question: While __________ (spoke / speaking / was speaking) they __________ (saw / seeing / were seen) their captain __________ (leaving / had left / was left) the room.

Answer: While speaking, they saw their captain leaving the room.

Step-by-step Explanation (বাংলায় ব্যাখ্যা):

🔹 (1) While __________ (spoke / speaking / was speaking)

এখানে “While” এর পরে subject নেই, অর্থাৎ “they” নেই। তাই এখানে participle form (V+ing) ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

• spoke ❌ — simple past (subject ছাড়া অসম্পূর্ণ)
  
• was speaking ❌ — এর আগে subject দরকার (“they was speaking” হবে ভুল)
  
• ✅ speaking ✔️ — সঠিক, কারণ এটি participle form, এবং বাক্যের শুরুতে adverbial phrase হিসেবে কাজ করছে।
  

“While speaking” মানে — “যখন তারা কথা বলছিল।”

🔹 (2) they __________ (saw / seeing / were seen)

এখানে subject আছে — they, এবং ক্রিয়া দরকার।

• seeing ❌ — participle, অসম্পূর্ণ।
• were seen ❌ — অর্থ হবে “তারা দেখা গিয়েছিল” (ভুল অর্থ)।
• saw ✅  — past simple, সঠিক।
  

🔹 (3) their captain __________ (leaving / had left / was left) the room.

এখানে captain-এর কাজ হচ্ছে ঘর ছাড়া / বের হওয়া।
তারা তাকে যাওয়ার সময় দেখেছে। তাই:

• leaving ✅  — present participle, কাজ চলমান বোঝায়।
• had left ❌ — আগে চলে গিয়েছিল (সময়গত অর্থ বদলে যায়)
• was left ❌ — “ফেলে রাখা হয়েছিল” (অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ আলাদা)
  

4. Do as directed:

(i) Please keep your shoes outside. (Change the voice)

Answer: You are requested to keep your shoes outside.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Please” থাকা মানে এখানে অনুরোধ। তাই passive voice হবে “You are requested to…”
• অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত থেকে অনুরোধমূলক হয়ে যায়।
  

(ii) He said, “You may borrow my book.” (Change the mode of narration)

Answer: He said that I might borrow his book.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Direct থেকে indirect speech করলে:
  • said → said
  • you → I (reporting person অনুযায়ী)
  • may → might (tense পরিবর্তন)
  • my → his (possessive পরিবর্তন)
    

(iii) Sachin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen. Every Indian believes this. (Join into a single sentence)

Answer: Every Indian believes that Sachin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• দ্বিতীয় বাক্যকে noun clause করে যুক্ত করা হয়েছে:
  “believes that…” 
• “that” দিয়ে দুইটি বাক্য একত্রে যুক্ত হয়।

(iv) Neither he nor his brother __________ (know / knows) the answer to the question. (Fill in the blank with the correct option)

Answer: knows

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• যখন ‘neither…nor’ ব্যবহার হয়, তখন ক্রিয়ার রূপ দ্বিতীয় subject অনুযায়ী হয়।
• দ্বিতীয় subject “his brother” (singular), তাই ক্রিয়া হবে knows।
  

(v) Rita found it difficult to __________ (bear with / bear out) such an insult. (Choose the correct phrasal verb)

Answer: bear with

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “bear with” মানে সহ্য করা / সহন করা।
• “bear out” মানে প্রমাণ করা / support করা।
• এখানে অর্থ হচ্ছে “এমন অপমান সহ্য করা”, তাই সঠিক হবে bear with।

Page – 263

4. Do as directed:

(i) I said to the student, “Did you go to school?” (Change the mode of narration)

Answer: I asked the student if he had gone to school.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য indirect speech-এ পরিবর্তনের সময় “said to → asked” হয়।
• “Did you go” (Past tense) → “had gone” (Past Perfect) হয়।
• প্রশ্নবোধক হওয়ায় if / whether ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• you → he (pronoun পরিবর্তিত)।
  

(ii) They fed me. (Change the voice)

Answer: I was fed by them.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Active: They fed me → Passive: I was fed by them.
• fed হল “feed” এর past form।
• Object “me” → Subject “I” হয়েছে। 
• Passive গঠনের জন্য “was + past participle” ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।

(iii) He returned home when it was raining. (Identify the clause and state its kind)

Answer: Clause: when it was raining — Adverb clause of time.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “when it was raining” অংশটি subordinate clause।
• এটি মূল ক্রিয়া “returned” কে সময় নির্দেশ করছে।
• তাই এটি Adverb Clause of Time।

(iv) She wore a necklace set with diamonds. (Identify the phrase and state its kind)

Answer: Phrase: set with diamonds — Adjective Phrase.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “set with diamonds” অংশটি “necklace”-কে বিশেষণ করছে।
• অর্থাৎ এটি noun-কে qualify করছে।
• তাই এটি Adjective Phrase।

(v) With a great effort he lifted the box. (Change into compound sentence)

Answer: He made a great effort and lifted the box.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Simple sentence “With a great effort” কে আলাদা clause বানানো হয়েছে।
• “With” বাদ দিয়ে “and” দিয়ে দুটি ক্রিয়া যুক্ত হয়েছে।
• ফলে এটি Compound Sentence হয়েছে।

(vi) Bipin will never do it again. He is determined. (Join the sentences by using an infinitive)

Answer: Bipin is determined not to do it again.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “to + verb” ব্যবহার করে infinitive গঠন করা হয়।
• এখানে “He is determined” + “will never do it again” → is determined not to do it again।

(vii) I am __________ only one who called you. (Fill in the blank with an appropriate article)

Answer: I am the only one who called you.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “the only one” — একমাত্র ব্যক্তি বোঝাচ্ছে, তাই নির্দিষ্টতার জন্য definite article the ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।

(viii) My friend is living in Kolkata for the last five years. (Rewrite using present perfect continuous tense)

Answer: My friend has been living in Kolkata for the last five years.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “for the last five years” সময়কাল বোঝাচ্ছে, তাই Present Perfect Continuous Tense দরকার।
• “is living” বদলে হবে “has been living”।

(ix) Dona loves solving riddles. (Underline the gerund in the given sentence)

Answer: Dona loves solving riddles.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “solving” শব্দটি verb + ing হলেও noun-এর মতো কাজ করছে (অর্থাৎ “কি ভালোবাসে?” → “solving riddles”)। 
• তাই এটি Gerund।
  

(x) Every soldier fought __________. (Fill in the blank with an appropriate adverb)

Answer: Every soldier fought bravely.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “fought” একটি ক্রিয়া। তাকে qualify করতে adverb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• “bravely” মানে সাহসের সঙ্গে — অর্থ অনুযায়ী যথাযথ।
  

Page – 267

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets :

(i) The Mayor __________ (go) to Delhi next week.

Answer: will go

Explanation (বাংলায়):
এখানে “next week” ভবিষ্যৎ সময় নির্দেশ করছে। তাই Future tense প্রয়োজন।
“The Mayor will go to Delhi next week.”

(ii) Sanju __________ (watch) television since morning.

Answer: has been watching

Explanation (বাংলায়):
“since morning” মানে সকাল থেকে এখন পর্যন্ত কাজ চলছে — অর্থাৎ কাজটি অতীতে শুরু হয়ে এখনো চলছে।
তাই Present Perfect Continuous Tense ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
“Sanju has been watching television since morning.”

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles and prepositions :

Question: A 52-year-old pedestrian was hit by __________ auto-rickshaw on Beleghata Main Road __________ Saturday morning. The pedestrian, Rishav Roy was admitted __________ hospital.

Answer: A 52-year-old pedestrian was hit by an auto-rickshaw on Beleghata Main Road on Saturday morning. The pedestrian, Rishav Roy was admitted to the hospital.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• an auto-rickshaw — কারণ “auto” শব্দটি vowel sound (অ-) দিয়ে শুরু।
• on Saturday — দিন বোঝাতে “on” ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• to the hospital — এখানে “admitted” এর পরে preposition “to” লাগে, আর hospital নির্দিষ্ট (the)।
  

5. Change the following sentences into indirect speech :

(i) The teacher said to the student, “Did you come to school yesterday?”

Answer: The teacher asked the student if he had come to school the previous day.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• প্রশ্নবোধক হলে “said to → asked” হয়।
• “Did you come” → “had come” (Past Perfect)।
• “yesterday” → “the previous day” পরিবর্তন হয়।
  

(ii) The tired guest said to the host, “Please give me a glass of cold water.”

Answer: The tired guest requested the host to give him a glass of cold water.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Please” থাকলে direct speech → request হিসেবে পরিবর্তন হয়।
• “said to → requested”
• “give me” → “give him” (pronoun পরিবর্তন)।

6. Change the following sentences from active to passive voice :

(i) We are watching a film.

Answer: A film is being watched by us.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Present Continuous Tense হলে passive হবে:
  am/is/are + being + past participle
  

(ii) The wind blew away the candle.

Answer: The candle was blown away by the wind.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Past Simple tense-এ passive হবে:
  was/were + past participle
• “blew” → “was blown”

7. Do as directed :

(i) They wanted to go on a trip. They were talking about it. (Join using a gerund)
Answer: They were talking about going on a trip.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “talking about” এর পরে verb-টি noun-এর মতো ব্যবহার করতে হলে gerund (verb + ing) দরকার।
• তাই “to go” → “going”।

(ii) I saw a snake and ran away. (Turn into a simple sentence using a participle)
Answer: Seeing a snake, I ran away.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• দুটি ক্রিয়া একত্র করতে হলে প্রথমটি participle (verb + ing) আকারে লেখা হয়।
• তাই “I saw” → “Seeing”।
  

8. Choose the correct phrasal verbs :

(List: cast aside, pull out, pass over)

(i) He had two teeth extracted yesterday.

Answer: pulled out

He had two teeth pulled out yesterday.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “extract teeth” মানে দাঁত তোলা → “pull out” একই অর্থে phrasal verb।

(ii) She wanted his father to discard the old coat.

Answer: cast aside

 She wanted his father to cast aside the old coat.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “discard” মানে ফেলে দেওয়া → “cast aside” একই অর্থে phrasal verb।

Page – 272

4A. Fill in the blanks with suitable articles and prepositions :

Question: While returning __________ school, I saw __________ old man standing helplessly __________ the side of the road.

Answer: While returning from school, I saw an old man standing helplessly by the side of the road.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• from school — ‘returning’ এর পর সর্বদা “from” ব্যবহৃত হয় (ফিরে আসা কোথা থেকে)।
• an old man — ‘old’ শব্দটি vowel sound দিয়ে শুরু, তাই ‘an’।
• by the side of — মানে ‘পাশে’। তাই এখানে ‘by’ ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
  

4B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets :

Question: Sister Nivedita __________ (be) known as Margaret Elizabeth Noble in her early life. She was born in Ireland in 1867. After __________ (finish) her studies, she __________ (live) in London to pursue her teaching profession.

Answer: Sister Nivedita was known as Margaret Elizabeth Noble in her early life. After finishing her studies, she lived in London to pursue her teaching profession.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “be known” → was known কারণ অতীত ঘটনা।
• “After finishing” → Preposition “After”-এর পরে verb-এর ing form লাগে।
• “lived” → অতীতকাল বোঝাতে past tense ব্যবহার হয়েছে।
  

4C. Change the voice of the following sentences :

(i) He is helping us.

Answer: We are being helped by him.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Present Continuous tense → am/is/are + being + past participle
• “helping” → “being helped”
• “us” → “we” হয়েছে।
  

(ii) You must accept it.

Answer: It must be accepted by you.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Modal verb “must” এর পরে passive করতে হলে “be + past participle” ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  “must accept” → “must be accepted”।
  

4D. Change the following into indirect speech :

(i) Mitul said to me, “They had left.”

Answer: Mitul told me that they had left.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “said to” → “told”
• রিপোর্টেড বাক্য ইতিমধ্যেই past perfect, তাই tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।
• conjunction “that” যোগ হয়।
  

(ii) He says, “I am trying to set up a new business.”

Answer: He says that he is trying to set up a new business.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Reporting verb “says” present tenseে আছে, তাই tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।
• শুধু “I” → “he” pronoun পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।
  

4E. Do as directed :

(i) The barking dog kept us awake all night. (Identify the participle in the sentence and state its kind)

Answer: Participle: barking — Present participle used as an adjective.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “barking” শব্দটি verb থেকে তৈরি, কিন্তু “dog”-কে বর্ণনা করছে, অর্থাৎ adjective-এর কাজ করছে।
• তাই এটি Present Participle (Adjective form)।
  

(ii) I met a woman. She is a famous artist. (Join using an adjective clause)

Answer: I met a woman who is a famous artist.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “who” ব্যবহার করে দ্বিতীয় বাক্যকে প্রথম বাক্যের সাথে যুক্ত করা হয়েছে।
• “who” noun “woman”-কে qualify করছে, তাই এটি Adjective Clause।

Page – 277

4. A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles and prepositions :

Question: _____ great deal has been said and written _____ _____ gypsies. The gypsies attract many people _____ their magic shows.

Answer: A great deal has been said and written about the gypsies. The gypsies attract many people with their magic shows.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “A great deal” — নির্দিষ্ট নয়, তাই ‘a’ ব্যবহার হয়েছে।
• “said and written about” — কাউকে বা কিছুকে নিয়ে বলা বা লেখা হলে about ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• “attract… with” — কোন জিনিস দ্বারা আকর্ষণ করা হলে with ব্যবহৃত হয় (যেমন with their magic shows)।
  

4. B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of verbs given in the brackets :

(i) Anita __________ (sing) that song for an hour.
Answer: has been singing

Explanation:
“for an hour” বোঝায় কাজটি অতীত থেকে চলছে, তাই Present Perfect Continuous Tense → has been singing.

(ii) They __________ (play) chess when the lights went out.
Answer: were playing

Explanation:
দুটি কাজ একসাথে ঘটছে; একটিতে বাধা পড়েছে (lights went out), তাই Past Continuous → were playing.

(iii) Vinay __________ (leave) the house before the deliveryman arrived.
Answer: had left

Explanation:
একটি কাজ অন্যটির আগে হয়েছে, তাই Past Perfect Tense → had left.

(iv) Mother __________ (work) in the kitchen for hours when father decided to help her.
Answer: had been working

Explanation:
কাজটি দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে চলছিল, এবং পরে অন্য একটি কাজ ঘটেছে। তাই Past Perfect Continuous Tense → had been working.

4. C. Change the voice of the following sentences :

(i) The young boy is drawing a portrait in his drawing book.
Answer: A portrait is being drawn by the young boy in his drawing book.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Present Continuous → is/am/are + being + past participle
• “is drawing” → “is being drawn”

(ii) My friend sent me a letter a month ago.
Answer: A letter was sent to me by my friend a month ago.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Past Simple → was/were + past participle
• “sent” → “was sent”
• Object “me” → “to me” (receiver)।

4. D. Change the following sentences into indirect speech :

(i) The student said to the teacher, “May I come in, sir?”
Answer: The student respectfully asked the teacher if he might come in.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “said to → asked”
• “May → might”
• “sir” থাকায় “respectfully” যোগ করা হয়েছে।

(ii) Mother said, “Do it yourself, Ravi.”
Answer: Mother told Ravi to do it himself.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “said” → “told”
• আদেশসূচক বাক্যে to + verb ব্যবহার হয়।
• “yourself” → “himself” (pronoun পরিবর্তন)।

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4. Do as directed: 

(i) Barking dogs seldom bite. (Underline the gerund)

Answer: barking

Explanation (বাংলায়):
“barking” শব্দটি verb + ing হলেও এখানে noun-এর মতো কাজ করছে — “which dogs?” → barking dogs, তাই এটি gerund (noun form of verb)।

(ii) Mina loves to play cricket. (Circle the infinitive)

Answer: to play

Explanation (বাংলায়):
“to + verb” = infinitive। এখানে “to play” infinitive phrase, verb-এর উদ্দেশ্য প্রকাশ করছে।

(iii) __________ I leave now? (Fill in the blank with a proper auxiliary verb)

Answer: May

Explanation (বাংলায়):
অনুমতি চাওয়া হচ্ছে, তাই may উপযুক্ত।
“May I leave now?” অর্থ — আমি কি এখন যেতে পারি?

(iv) That he is sincere is known to all. (Mention the type of the underlined clause)

Answer: Noun Clause

Explanation (বাংলায়):
Underlined অংশটি subject হিসেবে কাজ করছে (What is known? That he is sincere).
যেহেতু এটি পুরো বাক্যের subject, তাই এটি noun clause।

(v) Lisa is a teacher with a lot of experience. (Circle the adjective phrase)

Answer: with a lot of experience

Explanation (বাংলায়):
এখানে “with a lot of experience” অংশটি “teacher”-কে বর্ণনা করছে, তাই এটি adjective phrase।

(vi) The man said, “Tonight I will start reading a new book.” (Change into indirect speech)

Answer: The man said that he would start reading a new book that night.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “said” reporting verb → past tenseে → tense পরিবর্তন হবে।
• “will” → “would”
• “tonight” → “that night”
• “I” → “he”
  তাই বাক্য হবে: The man said that he would start reading a new book that night.

(vii) Ronita made a paper boat. (Change the voice)

Answer: A paper boat was made by Ronita.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Past Simple tense → was/were + past participle
• “made” → “was made”
• Object “a paper boat” → subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত।

(viii) A number of children __________ (be) playing in the Giant’s garden.

Answer: were

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “A number of” মানে অনেকগুলো (plural sense)।
• তাই subject “children” plural হিসেবে গণ্য হবে।
• তাই verb ও plural হবে — were।
  অর্থ: অনেক শিশু জায়ান্টের বাগানে খেলছিল।

(ix) The children were full of __________ (excite) as they went for a picnic.

Answer: excitement

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “full of” এর পরে সর্বদা noun ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• “excite” এর noun form হলো excitement।
  অর্থ: শিশুরা উত্তেজনায় ভরপুর ছিল যখন তারা পিকনিকে যাচ্ছিল।
  

(x) Brave : __________ (Write the antonym of the given word)

Answer: Coward

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Brave” মানে সাহসী।
• এর বিপরীত (antonym) শব্দ হলো Coward, যার অর্থ ভীরু।
  অর্থ: Brave ↔ Coward
  

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4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles and prepositions :

Question: Vidyasagar got down __________ train and he found __________ young man shouting __________ a coolie, as he was unable __________ carry his luggage.

Answer: Vidyasagar got down from the train and he found a young man shouting at a coolie, as he was unable to carry his luggage.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• from the train → “got down from” (কোনো যান থেকে নামা বোঝাতে “from” ব্যবহৃত হয়)।
• a young man → প্রথমবার উল্লেখ, তাই a article।
• shouting at → কারও প্রতি চিৎকার করা বোঝাতে “at” ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• unable to → “unable” এর পরে সর্বদা infinitive verb (to + verb) হয়।
  

5. Fill in the blanks with proper form of the verbs given in brackets :

(i) None of the boys __________ (play) cricket.

Answer: plays

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “None of the boys” — এখানে “None” singular বা plural দুইভাবেই ব্যবহার হতে পারে, কিন্তু সাধারণত collective sense-এ singular verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• তাই plays (Present tense, singular form)।
  

(ii) The level of pain tolerance __________ (vary) from person to person.

Answer: varies

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Subject “The level” singular, তাই verb-ও singular → varies।
  অর্থ: ব্যথা সহ্য করার মাত্রা ব্যক্তিভেদে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
  

(iii) Health __________ (be) wealth.

Answer: is

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• এটি একটি প্রবাদবাক্য (proverb)।
• “Health is wealth” – Present tense, তাই is হবে।
  

6. Do as directed :

(i) He passed the whole day in silence. (Rewrite using past perfect continuous tense)

Answer: He had been passing the whole day in silence.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Past Continuous → was/were + verb + ing
• Past Perfect Continuous → had been + verb + ing
• এখানে “পূর্বে কিছু সময় ধরে চলছিল” বোঝাতে past perfect continuous হয়েছে।
  

(ii) Walking in the morning is good for health. (Underline the phrase and m ention its type)

Answer: Phrase: Walking in the morning — Gerund Phrase

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Walking” verb হলেও noun-এর মতো কাজ করছে (subject হিসেবে)।
• তাই এটি Gerund Phrase।
  

(iii) Titanic, which sank in 1912, was thought to be unsinkable. (Underline the subordinate clause and state its kind)

Answer: Clause: which sank in 1912 — Adjective Clause

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “which sank in 1912” অংশটি “Titanic” noun-টিকে বর্ণনা করছে।
• তাই এটি Adjective Clause।
  

(iv) Do it now. (Change the voice)

Answer: Let it be done now.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Imperative sentence passive করলে “Let + object + be + past participle” হয়।
• তাই “Do it” → “Let it be done”।
  

(v) She has a habit of __________ (read). (Fill in the blank using appropriate gerund form)

Answer: She has a habit of reading.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Preposition “of” এর পরে verb থাকলে সেটি -ing form হয়।
• তাই “reading” gerund form ব্যবহার হয়েছে।
  

(vi) The lady said, “Please don’t disturb me.” (Change the mode of narration)

Answer: The lady requested not to disturb her.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Please” থাকলে direct speech → request।
• “don’t disturb me” → “not to disturb her”।
• “said” → “requested”।
  

(vii) She is rude to animals. (Rewrite using antonym of the underlined word)

Answer: She is kind to animals.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “rude” মানে অমার্জিত/অসভ্য।
• এর বিপরীত শব্দ (antonym) হলো kind।
  

(viii) He opened his bag. He found a kitten within it. (Join using participle)

Answer: Opening his bag, he found a kitten within it.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• দুটি কাজ পরপর ঘটেছে। প্রথমটি participle form (verb + ing) নিয়ে শুরু করা হয়েছে।
• তাই “He opened” → “Opening”।
  

(ix) A dog is always __________ (faith) to its owner. (Use a suitable prefix or suffix to fill in the blank)

Answer: A dog is always faithful to its owner.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “faith” (noun) থেকে adjective গঠন করতে suffix -ful যোগ হয়।
• Faith → Faithful.
  

(x) I will examine the matter and call you back. (Rewrite using appropriate phrasal verb of the underlined word)

Answer: I will look into the matter and call you back.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “examine” মানে তদন্ত করা, খুঁটিয়ে দেখা।
• এর phrasal verb হলো look into।

Page – 290

4. Choose the correct alternative from the brackets to fill in the blanks :

Question: Taxila was __________ (situating / situated / situate) near Sarakali, now in Pakistan.
It __________ (had / is / was) said that sixteen different subjects __________ (were taught / had been taught / taught) in the university.

Answer: Taxila was situated near Sarakali, now in Pakistan. It is said that sixteen different subjects were taught in the university.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “situated” → past participle form, অর্থাৎ “অবস্থিত ছিল।”
• “is said” → এখনো বলা হয়, তাই present tense।
• “were taught” → passive form (বিষয়গুলো পড়ানো হত)।
  

5. Do as directed :

(i) The bag was found by me. (Change the voice)

Answer: I found the bag.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Passive → Active করলে subject-object বদল হয়।
• “was found” → “found”।
  

(ii) “Oh! What a hot day it is today!” said Sima. (Change the mode of narration)

Answer: Sima exclaimed that it was a very hot day that day.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Exclamatory sentence → exclaimed that…
• “What a hot day it is today!” → “it was a very hot day that day”।
  

(iii) When I was younger I used to fly kites. (Underline the clause and state its kind)

Answer: Clause: When I was younger — Adverb Clause of Time

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• এটি মূল verb “used to fly” এর সময় নির্দেশ করছে, তাই Adverb Clause of Time।
  

(iv) He wore a chain made of silver. (Underline the phrase and state its kind)

Answer: Phrase: made of silver — Adjective Phrase

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• এটি “chain” noun-টিকে বর্ণনা করছে, তাই এটি Adjective Phrase।
  

(v) He is confident to complete the work within time. (Make it interrogative)

Answer: Is he confident to complete the work within time?

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “He is” → “Is he” করে প্রশ্নবোধক করা হয়েছে।
  

(vi) He went to book fair. He wanted to buy a detective book. (Join the sentences using infinitive)

Answer: He went to book fair to buy a detective book.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• দুটি বাক্যকে “to + verb” ব্যবহার করে যুক্ত করা হয়েছে।
• “in order to” এর সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ হলো “to”।
  

(vii) Raising his glass, he proposed a toast. (Change into a compound sentence)

Answer: He raised his glass and proposed a toast.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Simple sentence → Compound করতে conjunction “and” ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে।
• “Raising” → “He raised” করা হয়েছে।
  

(viii) April is the cruelest month. (Turn into positive degree)

Answer: No other month is as cruel as April.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Superlative → Positive করতে কাঠামো হয়:
  “No other + noun + is as + adjective + as…”
  

(ix) Each of the participants __________ (respond) promptly. (Fill in the blank with the appropriate form of verb with its agreement with the subject)

Answer: Each of the participants responds promptly.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Each” সর্বদা singular subject হিসেবে গণ্য হয়।
• তাই verb হবে responds।

(x) Laura didn’t love him, so she __________ the wedding. (Fill in the blank with appropriate phrasal verb)

Answer: Laura didn’t love him, so she called off the wedding.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Call off” মানে কোনো কিছু বাতিল করা।
• তাই এখানে “cancel the wedding” → “called off the wedding।”
  

(xi) Faizal turned off his phone to focus on his study. (Use the gerund form of ‘study’)

Answer: Faizal turned off his phone to focus on studying.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Gerund মানে হলো verb-এর -ing ফর্ম যা noun-এর মতো কাজ করে।
• এখানে “to focus on” এর পরে noun/gerund বসে, তাই “study” → “studying” হয়েছে।
    অর্থ: ফয়সাল পড়াশোনায় মনোযোগ দিতে তার ফোন বন্ধ করল।
  

Page – 295

(i) The man was known to me. (Change the voice)

Answer: I knew the man.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Passive → Active করলে subject ও object অদলবদল হয়।
• “was known to” → “knew” (Past tense active form)।
    অর্থ: আমি লোকটিকে চিনতাম।
  

(ii) My mother is cooking chicken in the kitchen. (Change into future perfect tense)

Answer: My mother will have cooked chicken in the kitchen.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Future perfect tense = will have + past participle।
    অর্থ: আমার মা রান্নাঘরে মুরগি রান্না করে ফেলবেন।
  

(iii) To do well in the competition is my aim. (Underline the phrase and state its kind)

Answer: Phrase: To do well in the competition — Infinitive Phrase

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “To + verb” = Infinitive।
• বাক্যে noun-এর মতো কাজ করছে (subject), তাই এটি Infinitive Phrase।
  

(iv) My friend said to me, “I will be grateful if you help me now.” (Change into indirect speech)

Answer:  My friend told me that he would be grateful if I helped him then.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Direct → Indirect করলে:
  • “said to” → “told”
  • “will” → “would”
  • “now” → “then”
  • Pronoun পরিবর্তন হয় (I → he, you → I, me → him)।
    

(v) They insisted that they should wait for Kelly. (Transform into a simple sentence using gerund)

Answer: They insisted on waiting for Kelly.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “insist that + clause” → “insist on + gerund”
• Gerund মানে verb-এর -ing form যা noun-এর মতো কাজ করে।
  

(vi) She has a voice that is full of melody. (Use the adjective of ‘melody’ and rewrite)

Answer: She has a melodious voice.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “melody” (noun) → “melodious” (adjective)।
    অর্থ: তার কণ্ঠস্বর সুরেলা।
  

(vii) Mahatma Gandhi believed in __________ (violence). (Use suitable prefix with the word given in bracket)

Answer:  Mahatma Gandhi believed in non-violence.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “violence” শব্দের আগে “non-” prefix বসে তার বিপরীত অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।
    অর্থ: মহাত্মা গান্ধী অহিংসায় বিশ্বাস করতেন।
  

(viii) The prisoner was innocent. The judge declared that. (Join using a noun clause)

Answer:  The judge declared that the prisoner was innocent.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “that + subject + verb” ব্যবহার করে noun clause তৈরি করা হয়।
    অর্থ: বিচারক ঘোষণা করলেন যে বন্দি নির্দোষ।
  

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4. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given below. 

(i) You __________ (watch) TV since morning.

Answer: You have been watching TV since morning.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “since” সময়ের শুরু নির্দেশ করে।
• তাই tense হবে Present Perfect Continuous:  have/has been + verb + ing।
    অর্থ: তুমি সকাল থেকে টিভি দেখছ।
  

(ii) I __________ (reach) the airport by 2 pm.

Answer:  I shall have reached the airport by 2 pm.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “by + time” থাকলে Future Perfect Tense হয়।
• Structure: shall have + verb³।
    অর্থ: বিকেল দুইটার মধ্যে সে বিমানবন্দরে পৌঁছে যাবে।

5. Change the Voice

(i) The students were learning lessons with care and diligence. (Change the voice)

Answer:  Lessons were being learnt by the students with care and diligence.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Continuous tense এর passive form হয়:
  was/were being + past participle (V³)।
  

(ii) He took out a bag full of toys. (Underline the phrase and state its kind)

Answer: Phrase: a bag full of toys — Noun Phrase

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• এটি বাক্যের object এবং noun-এর মতো কাজ করছে।

6. Underline the phrase and state its kind

(i) To do good to others is his aim in life.

Answer: Phrase: To do good to others — Infinitive Phrase

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “To + verb” গঠনটি Infinitive।
• এটি noun-এর মতো কাজ করছে (subject)।

(ii) I want to avoid the places full of noise. 

Answer: Phrase: full of noise — Adjective Phrase

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• এটি “places” noun-টিকে বর্ণনা করছে, তাই Adjective Phrase।
  

(iii) During the week, I walk to the village. 

Answer: Phrase: During the week — Adverb Phrase of Time

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• এটি সময় নির্দেশ করছে, তাই Adverb Phrase of Time।
  

4. Do as directed:

(i) The stranger said to me, “Do you know where is the post office?” (Turn into indirect speech)

Answer:  The stranger asked me if I knew where the post office was.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “said to” → “asked”
• “Do you know” → “if I knew”
• Interrogative sentence indirect করলে “if/whether” ব্যবহৃত হয়।

(ii) Even though he was sick, he was asked to attend the meeting. (Identify the subordinate clause and state its kind)

Answer: Clause: Even though he was sick — Adverb Clause of Concession

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Even though” মানে “যদিও”— ছাড় বা প্রতিবন্ধকতা বোঝায়, তাই এটি Adverb Clause of Concession।

(iii) I have bought cucumber, tomato and onion. I want to prepare salad for our dinner. (Join the pair of sentences using an infinitive)

Answer:  I have bought cucumber, tomato and onion to prepare salad for dinner.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “to + verb” ব্যবহার করে উদ্দেশ্য বোঝানো হয়।
    অর্থ: আমি salad বানানোর জন্য শসা, টমেটো, আর পেঁয়াজ কিনেছি।
  

(iv) This is the __________ (bad) song I’ve ever heard. (Fill in the blank with appropriate degree of adjective)

Answer: This is the worst song I’ve ever heard.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “ever” থাকলে superlative degree ব্যবহার হয়।
• bad → worse → worst।

(v) Write the synonym of the word ‘Bright’

Answer: shining / intelligent

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Bright (উজ্জ্বল / বুদ্ধিমান) শব্দের সমার্থক (synonym) অর্থাৎ মিল অর্থের শব্দ হলো — Shining (ঝলমলে), Radiant (প্রভাময়), Luminous (আলোকিত), Intelligent (বুদ্ধিমান) — বাক্যভেদে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

উদাহরণ: The sun is bright → The sun is shining / radiant.

She is a bright student → She is an intelligent student.

(vi) Write the antonym of the word ‘Cowerdly’

Answer: Brave

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Cowardly (ভীরু) শব্দের বিপরীত (antonym) অর্থাৎ বিপরীতার্থক শব্দ হলো — Brave (সাহসী), Courageous (বীর), Bold (নির্ভীক)।

উদাহরণ: A cowardly man runs away from danger.

A brave man faces danger boldly.

Page – 303

4. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate article and preposition:

(i) We live in ______ Kolkata, which is ______ metro city.

Answer:  We live in Kolkata, which is a metro city.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “in Kolkata” → এখানে in preposition ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে কারণ আমরা জায়গার ভিতরে (within a place) বাস করি।
• “a metro city” → “a” ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে কারণ “metro city” একটি একবচন countable noun এবং প্রথমবার উল্লেখ হয়েছে।
    অর্থ: আমরা কলকাতায় থাকি, যা একটি মহানগর শহর।
  

5. Change the voice:

(i) She does not like tea.

Answer:  Tea is not liked by her.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Active: She does not like tea.
• Passive: Tea is not liked by her.
  “does not like” → “is not liked” হয়।
    অর্থ: চা তার পছন্দ নয়।
  

(ii) I was charmed at his behaviour.

Answer:  His behaviour charmed me.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Passive থেকে Active করার সময় subject ও object অদলবদল হয়।
• “was charmed by” → Active form “charmed”।
    অর্থ: তার আচরণ আমাকে মুগ্ধ করেছিল।
  

(iii) Why did you do it?

Answer:  Why was it done by you?

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যে “Why” শুরুতেই থাকবে।
• “did you do” → “was it done by you” (Past tense Passive form)।
    অর্থ: কেন এটি তোমার দ্বারা করা হয়েছিল?

6. Change the mode of narration:

(i) She said, “I am reading a story now.”

Answer:  She said that she was reading a story then.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “am reading” → “was reading” (tense পরিবর্তন)
• “now” → “then”
    অর্থ: সে বলেছিল যে সে তখন একটি গল্প পড়ছিল।
  

(ii) He said to me, “What is your name?”

Answer:  He asked me what my name was.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “said to” → “asked” (কারণ প্রশ্ন)।
• প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বাদ দিয়ে word order হয় Subject + Verb।
    অর্থ: সে আমাকে জিজ্ঞাসা করল আমার নাম কী।
  

(iii) The teacher said to the student, “May you be successful in life.”

Answer:  The teacher wished the student success in life.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “May you be…” → শুভকামনা বোঝায়, তাই “wished” ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
    অর্থ: শিক্ষক ছাত্রকে জীবনে সফলতার জন্য শুভেচ্ছা জানালেন।
  

7. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets:

(i) The patient __________ (suffer) from fever since Monday.

Answer: The patient has been suffering from fever since Monday.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “since” সময়ের শুরু বোঝায় → Present Perfect Continuous Tense = has/have been + verb + ing
    অর্থ: রোগী সোমবার থেকে জ্বরে ভুগছে।
  

(ii) Harish __________ (sleep) for two hours before I reached his home.

Answer: Harish had slept for two hours before I reached his home.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “before + past tense” থাকলে মূল বাক্য হয় Past Perfect → had + V³।
    অর্থ: আমি তার বাড়িতে পৌঁছানোর আগে হরিশ দুই ঘণ্টা ঘুমিয়েছিল।
  

(iii) We __________ (go) to Denmark by the next month.

Answer: We are going to Denmark by the next month.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• ভবিষ্যতের নিশ্চিত পরিকল্পনা বোঝাতে Present Continuous Tense ব্যবহার হয়।
    অর্থ: আমরা আগামী মাসের মধ্যে ডেনমার্ক যাচ্ছি।

Page – 307

4. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verbs given in brackets:

(i) The girl __________ (study) English since morning.

Answer: The girl has been studying English since morning.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “since” → সময়ের শুরু বোঝায়, তাই Present Perfect Continuous tense ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: মেয়েটি সকাল থেকে ইংরেজি পড়ছে।
  

(ii) The President __________ (come) at 10 tomorrow morning.

Answer: The President is coming at 10 tomorrow morning.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• ভবিষ্যতের নিশ্চিত পরিকল্পনা বা নির্ধারিত সময়সূচি বোঝাতে Present Continuous ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: রাষ্ট্রপতি আগামীকাল সকাল ১০টায় আসছেন।
  

(iii) Smoking __________ (prohibit) here.

Answer: Smoking is prohibited here.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “prohibit” অর্থ “নিষিদ্ধ করা” → Passive voice দরকার কারণ কাজটি করা হয়, কেউ করে না।
  অর্থ: এখানে ধূমপান নিষিদ্ধ।
  

5. Change the following sentences into indirect speech:

(i) My grandfather said, “May you live long.”

Answer: My grandfather wished me a long life.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “May you…” → শুভকামনা বোঝায়, তাই “wished” ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: দাদু আমাকে দীর্ঘায়ু হওয়ার শুভেচ্ছা জানালেন।
  

(ii) The students said, “How happy we are here!”

Answer: The students exclaimed that they were very happy there.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “How happy…” → বিস্ময়বোধক বাক্য → “exclaimed that” ব্যবহার করা হয়।
• “here” → “there”, “are” → “were” হয়।
  অর্থ: ছাত্ররা উল্লাসভরে বলেছিল যে তারা সেখানে খুব খুশি ছিল।

6. Change the voice of the following sentences: 

(i) He is writing a letter.

Answer: A letter is being written by him.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Present Continuous tense → “is/am/are being + V³” ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: একটি চিঠি তার দ্বারা লেখা হচ্ছে।
  

(ii) She has solved all the sums.

Answer: All the sums have been solved by her.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Present Perfect tense → “has/have been + V³” ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: সমস্ত অঙ্ক তার দ্বারা সমাধান হয়েছে।
  

7. Do as directed:

(i) My birthday falls __________ December 24. (Fill in the blank with an appropriate preposition)
Answer: My birthday falls on December 24.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• তারিখ বা দিন বোঝাতে preposition on ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: আমার জন্মদিন ২৪শে ডিসেম্বর পড়ে।
  

(ii) Mr Gupta spent his entire life __________ (help) others. (Use appropriate gerund form of the verb given in the bracket)
Answer: Mr Gupta spent his entire life helping others.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Preposition বা verb-এর পরে verb বসলে সেটি Gerund (V+ing) হয়।
  অর্থ: মিঃ গুপ্ত তাঁর সমস্ত জীবন অন্যদের সাহায্যে ব্যয় করেছেন।
  

(iii) He lay looking up at the clouds. (Identify the participle and state its kind)
Answer: Participle: looking — Present participle

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “looking” → verb + ing → Present participle
  অর্থ: সে শুয়ে থেকে মেঘের দিকে তাকিয়ে ছিল।
  

(iv) God is present in all places. (Identify the phrase and state its kind)
Answer: Phrase: in all places — Adverbial Phrase of Place

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• এটি কোথায় প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেয় (Where?) → Adverbial Phrase of Place।
  অর্থ: ঈশ্বর সর্বত্র বিরাজমান।
  

(v) The prisoner has escaped. The news is true. (Join using a noun clause)
Answer: The news that the prisoner has escaped is true.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “that + clause” → noun clause হয়, যা “the news”-এর object হিসেবে কাজ করে।
  অর্থ: বন্দী পালিয়েছে — এই খবরটি সত্য।
  

4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles and prepositions:

(i) I was almost dead and ______ rest of my ship’s company was drowned. I feared I would be devoured ______ wild animals. When night came, I slept in a tree for fear ______ wild animals.

Answer: I was almost dead and the rest of my ship’s company was drowned. I feared I would be devoured by wild animals. When night came, I slept in a tree for fear of wild animals.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• the rest → নির্দিষ্ট অংশ বোঝায়, তাই definite article “the” ব্যবহার হয়।
• devoured by → Passive sense (কার দ্বারা খাওয়া হতে পারে), তাই “by” preposition লাগে।
• for fear of → এটি একটি fixed phrase, অর্থাৎ “ভয়ে” বোঝাতে “of” ব্যবহার হয়।
  অর্থ: আমি প্রায় মৃত ছিলাম, আর জাহাজের বাকিরা ডুবে গিয়েছিল। আমি ভয় পেয়েছিলাম বন্য পশুর দ্বারা খাওয়া যাব বলে। রাত এলে আমি গাছে ঘুমিয়েছিলাম বন্য পশুর ভয়ে।
  

5. Do as directed:

(i) Have they published the first book of the author? (Change the voice)

Answer: Has the first book of the author been published by them?

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Passive voice → “has/have + been + V³” হয়।
  অর্থ: লেখকের প্রথম বইটি কি তাদের দ্বারা প্রকাশিত হয়েছে?
  

(ii) I said to my mother, “Did you see my watch?” (Change into indirect speech)

Answer: I asked my mother if she had seen my watch.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “said to” → “asked” হয়।
• প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যে “if/whether” ব্যবহার করা হয়।
• “Did you see” → “had seen” (tense পরিবর্তন)।
  অর্থ: আমি আমার মাকে জিজ্ঞাসা করলাম তিনি কি আমার ঘড়িটি দেখেছেন।
  

(iii) The boy stole my pencil box yesterday. My mother gifted me the pencil box on my birthday. (Join using relative clause)

Answer: The boy stole my pencil box which my mother had gifted me on my birthday.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Relative clause “which” ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে pencil box সম্পর্কিত দুইটি বাক্য যুক্ত করতে।
• “had gifted” → অতীতের আগের কাজ, তাই Past Perfect।
  অর্থ: ছেলেটি আমার সেই পেন্সিল বক্স চুরি করেছিল, যা আমার মা আমার জন্মদিনে উপহার দিয়েছিলেন।
  

(iv) Nothing is as precious as diamond. (Change into comparative degree)

Answer: Diamond is more precious than anything else.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “as…as” → Comparative form করলে “more + adjective + than” হয়।
  অর্থ: হীরক অন্য যেকোনো কিছুর চেয়ে বেশি মূল্যবান।
  

(v) He explains his ideas in an easy way. (Identify phrase and state its kind)

Answer: Phrase: in an easy way — Adverbial Phrase of Manner

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “in an easy way” → কাজ কীভাবে হচ্ছে (How?) বোঝায় → Adverbial Phrase of Manner।
  অর্থ: সে তার ভাবনাগুলি সহজভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করে।
  

(vi) We need food. It gives us energy. (Join using adverbial clause)

Answer: We need food because it gives us energy.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “because” যোগ করলে এটি Adverbial Clause of Reason হয়।
  অর্থ: আমাদের খাবার প্রয়োজন কারণ এটি আমাদের শক্তি দেয়।
  

(vii) Varun is handicapped, but he is brave. (Change into a simple sentence)

Answer: In spite of being handicapped, Varun is brave.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “but” বাদ দিয়ে “In spite of + V+ing” ব্যবহারে simple sentence তৈরি হয়।
  অর্থ: অক্ষম হওয়া সত্ত্বেও, বরুণ সাহসী।
  

(viii) The boy wrote a different story. (Replace the underlined word with its antonym and rewrite the sentence)

Answer: The boy wrote a similar story.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “different” (ভিন্ন) → বিপরীত শব্দ “similar” (একই ধরনের)।
  অর্থ: ছেলেটি একই ধরনের গল্প লিখেছিল।
  

(ix) Harvest (Make a sentence with the given word)

Answer: Farmers harvest crops in autumn.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Harvest” মানে ফসল কাটা। এখানে verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
  অর্থ: কৃষকরা শরৎকালে ফসল কাটে।
  

Page – 315

3. Do as directed:

(i) The cowboy spread the fake news yesterday. (Change the voice)
Answer: The fake news was spread by the cowboy yesterday.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Voice change → Active থেকে Passive করতে “was + V³” ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• “spread” এর past form ও past participle একই।
  অর্থ: গতকাল ওই কাউবয়ের দ্বারা ভুয়া খবরটি ছড়িয়ে দেওয়া হয়েছিল।
  

(ii) Mother said to her son, “When did you have your lunch?” (Change the mode of narration)
Answer: Mother asked her son when he had had his lunch.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “said to” → “asked” হয় (প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যে)।
• “did you have” → “had had” (Past → Past Perfect)।
  অর্থ: মা তাঁর ছেলেকে জিজ্ঞাসা করলেন সে কখন দুপুরের খাবার খেয়েছিল।

(iii) Each student got a sapling which was given by our school. (Underline the subordinate clause and state its kind)
Answer: Each student got a sapling which was given by our school.

Kind: Adjective Clause

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “which was given by our school” বাক্যাংশটি “sapling” শব্দটিকে বর্ণনা করছে, তাই এটি Adjective Clause।
  অর্থ: প্রতিটি ছাত্র একটি চারা গাছ পেয়েছিল যা আমাদের স্কুল দিয়েছিল।
  

(iv) At that moment a famous celebrity arrived. (Underline the phrase and state its kind)
Answer: At that moment a famous celebrity arrived.

Kind: Adverbial Phrase of Time

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “At that moment” সময় বোঝাচ্ছে (When?), তাই এটি Adverbial Phrase of Time।
  অর্থ: সেই মুহূর্তে একজন বিখ্যাত সেলিব্রিটি উপস্থিত হয়েছিলেন।
  

(v) India became an ______ (dependent) country in 1947. (Add prefix or suffix to the given word to make a meaningful sentence)
Answer: India became an independent country in 1947.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “dependent” এর বিপরীত অর্থ তৈরি করতে prefix “in-” যোগ হয় → independent।
  অর্থ: ভারত ১৯৪৭ সালে স্বাধীন দেশ হয়েছিল।
  

(vi) The injured soldier receded at last. (Underline the participle adjective)
Answer: The injured soldier receded at last.

Kind: Past Participle Adjective

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “injured” হলো Past Participle, যা noun “soldier”-কে বর্ণনা করছে।
  অর্থ: আহত সৈনিক অবশেষে পিছিয়ে গিয়েছিল।

(vii) Our school is adjacent ______ Ramakrishna Math, Kamarpukur. (Fill in the blank with appropriate preposition)
Answer: Our school is adjacent to Ramakrishna Math, Kamarpukur.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “adjacent” শব্দের পরে সবসময় “to” preposition ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: আমাদের স্কুল কামারপুকুরের রামকৃষ্ণ মঠের পাশে অবস্থিত।
  

(viii) Mt Everest is the highest peak of the world. (Turn into comparative degree)
Answer: Mt Everest is higher than any other peak in the world.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Superlative (“the highest”) → Comparative করলে “higher than any other” হয়।
  অর্থ: মাউন্ট এভারেস্ট পৃথিবীর অন্য যেকোনো চূড়ার তুলনায় বেশি উঁচু।
  

4. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct form of verbs given in the brackets:

(i) The students __________ (reads / reading / are reading) English now.

Answer: The students are reading English now.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “now” → Present Continuous Tense (is/am/are + V+ing)।
  অর্থ: ছাত্ররা এখন ইংরেজি পড়ছে।
  

(ii) You __________ (can / should / dare) be punctual in your life.

Answer: You should be punctual in your life.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• পরামর্শ বা কর্তব্য বোঝাতে “should” ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: তোমার জীবনে সময়নিষ্ঠ হওয়া উচিত।
  

(iii) The rich __________ (am / is / are) not always happy.

Answer: The rich are not always happy.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “The rich” একটি plural noun (collective sense)।
  অর্থ: ধনীরা সবসময় সুখী নয়।

(iv) That successful cricketer used to __________ (playing / plays / play) cricket every day.

Answer: That successful cricketer used to play cricket every day.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “used to” এর পরে verb-এর base form (V1) ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: সেই সফল ক্রিকেটার প্রতিদিন ক্রিকেট খেলত।
  

Page – 319

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets:

(i) The baby __________ (lie) on the bed for several hours.

Answer: The baby has been lying on the bed for several hours.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “for several hours” সময়কাল বোঝাচ্ছে → Present Perfect Continuous Tense ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
  অর্থ: শিশুটি কয়েক ঘণ্টা ধরে বিছানায় শুয়ে আছে।
  

(ii) She __________ (finish) her task by the next month.

Answer: She will have finished her task by the next month.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “by the next month” → ভবিষ্যতের নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের মধ্যে কাজ শেষ হবে → Future Perfect Tense ব্যবহার।
  অর্থ: সে আগামী মাসের মধ্যে তার কাজ শেষ করে ফেলবে।
  

(iii) When I arrived, Ram __________ (wait) for two hours.

Answer: When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “When I arrived” → Past tense, তাই তার আগের চলমান কাজের জন্য Past Perfect Continuous Tense লাগে।
  অর্থ: আমি পৌঁছানোর সময় রাম দুই ঘণ্টা ধরে অপেক্ষা করছিল।
  

B. Do as directed:

(i) The teacher said to the student, “Did you complete your homework?” (Change the mode of narration)
Answer: The teacher asked the student if he had completed his homework.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “said to” → “asked” হয়।
• প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যে “if / whether” ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• “did complete” → “had completed” (tense এক ধাপ পিছিয়ে)।
  অর্থ: শিক্ষক ছাত্রকে জিজ্ঞাসা করলেন, সে কি তার বাড়ির কাজ শেষ করেছিল।
  

(ii) The man ate half of the meal. (Change the voice)
Answer: Half of the meal was eaten by the man.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Active → Passive: be + V³
• “ate” → “was eaten” (past tense)।
  অর্থ: খাবারের অর্ধেক অংশ লোকটি খেয়ে ফেলেছিল।
  

(iii) Neither she nor her mother __________ (was / were) aware about the fact. (Choose the correct alternative)
Answer: Neither she nor her mother was aware about the fact.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Neither…nor” → ক্রিয়া singular subject এর সঙ্গে মেলে → “was” সঠিক।
  অর্থ: না সে, না তার মা, কেউই বিষয়টি জানতেন না।
  

(iv) The girl was screaming. I heard her. (Join using past participle)
Answer: I heard the girl screaming.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Past Participle বা Present Participle ব্যবহার করে বাক্য যুক্ত করা যায়। এখানে কাজ একসাথে চলছিল → Present Participle “screaming” ব্যবহার।
  অর্থ: আমি মেয়েটিকে চিৎকার করতে শুনেছিলাম।
  

(v) Every team has a captain. He leads the team members. (Join the sentences using infinitive)
Answer:  Every team has a captain to lead the team members.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• কাজের উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে to + V1 (Infinitive) ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: প্রত্যেক দলের একজন অধিনায়ক থাকে দলের সদস্যদের নেতৃত্ব দেওয়ার জন্য।
  

(vi) Please tell me your name. (Rewrite using noun clause)
Answer: Please tell me what your name is.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “what your name is” → একটি Noun Clause (object হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত)।
  অর্থ: দয়া করে আমাকে বলো তোমার নাম কী।
  

(vii) He wore a ring made of gold. (Underline the phrase and state its kind)
Answer: He wore a ring made of gold.
Kind: Adjective Phrase

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “made of gold” → “ring” noun-টি বর্ণনা করছে → Adjective Phrase।
  অর্থ: সে একটি সোনার আংটি পরেছিল।
  

(viii) __________ (swim) is a good exercise. (Fill in the blank with appropriate gerund form of the verb given in the bracket)
Answer: Swimming is a good exercise.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• বাক্যের শুরুতে verb noun-এর মতো ব্যবহৃত হলে Gerund (V+ing) ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: সাঁতার কাটা একটি ভালো ব্যায়াম।
  

C. Choose the correct phrasal verbs from the list below, to replace the words underlined, changing the forms where necessary. There is one extra phrasal verb in the list. 

List: talk over, come about, set out on

(i) We will begin our journey tomorrow.

Answer: We will set out on our journey tomorrow.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• set out on → অর্থ “যাত্রা শুরু করা” (to start a journey)।
• এখানে “begin our journey” কে পরিবর্তন করে “set out on our journey” হয়েছে।
  অর্থ: আমরা আগামীকাল আমাদের যাত্রা শুরু করব।

(ii) They will discuss the matter tomorrow.

Answer: They will talk over the matter tomorrow.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• talk over → অর্থ “আলোচনা করা” বা “কোনো বিষয় নিয়ে আলোচনা করা” (to discuss something)।
  অর্থ: তারা আগামীকাল বিষয়টি নিয়ে আলোচনা করবে।
  

Extra phrasal verb (not used):

come about → অর্থ “ঘটা” বা “ঘটনা সংঘটিত হওয়া” (to happen / to take place)।

Example (for reference):

• How did this accident come about?
  (এই দুর্ঘটনাটি কীভাবে ঘটেছিল?)
  

Page – 324

4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of verbs given in the brackets:

(i) No boy and no girl __________ (be) present there.

Answer: No boy and no girl was present there.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “No boy and no girl” – এখানে দুইটি subject আছে, কিন্তু অর্থে singular (not one).
• তাই singular verb ‘was’ ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: কোনো ছেলে বা মেয়ে সেখানে উপস্থিত ছিল না।
  

(ii) The team __________ (have) taken their places in the field.

Answer: The team has taken their places in the field.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “team” একটি collective noun, একদল মানুষকে বোঝায় → singular verb ‘has’ ব্যবহার হয়।
  অর্থ: দলটি মাঠে তাদের জায়গা নিয়েছে।
  

(iii) Each of these boys __________ (play) games.

Answer: Each of these boys plays games.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Each of” এর পরে verb সর্বদা singular form হয়।
  অর্থ: এই ছেলেরা প্রত্যেকে খেলাধুলা করে।
  

5. Do as directed:

(i) The girl was holding the cat. (Change the voice)
Answer: The cat was being held by the girl.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Active → Passive: be + being + V³ (Past Continuous Tense)।
  অর্থ: বিড়ালটি মেয়েটির দ্বারা ধরা হচ্ছিল।
  

(ii) Solve the problem, otherwise you will be punished. (Make it complex)
Answer: If you do not solve the problem, you will be punished.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “otherwise” → complex বাক্যে “if…not” এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
  অর্থ: যদি তুমি সমস্যাটি সমাধান না করো, তবে তোমাকে শাস্তি দেওয়া হবে।

(iii) After trying multiple times, I cleared the exam. (Identify the phrase and state its kind)
Answer: After trying multiple times — Adverbial Phrase of Time.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• এটি সময় নির্দেশ করছে (When did I clear?) তাই এটি Adverbial Phrase of Time।
  অর্থ: বহুবার চেষ্টা করার পর আমি পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হয়েছিলাম।

(iv) Don’t think that you are intelligent. (Rewrite by replacing the underlined word with its antonym)
Answer: Don’t think that you are foolish.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “intelligent” এর বিপরীত (antonym) হলো foolish।
  অর্থ: ভাবো না যে তুমি বোকা নও।
  

(v) I felt hungry. I went into the kitchen and opened the fridge. (Join using participle)
Answer: Feeling hungry, I went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• প্রথম বাক্যের subject একই → Present Participle (V + ing) দিয়ে যুক্ত করা হয়।
  অর্থ: ক্ষুধার্ত হয়ে আমি রান্নাঘরে গিয়ে ফ্রিজ খুলেছিলাম।
  

(vi) He restrains his anger. He is wise. (Join using relative clause)
Answer: He, who is wise, restrains his anger.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “He is wise” অংশটিকে relative clause “who is wise” করে মূল বাক্যের মধ্যে যুক্ত করা হয়েছে।
  অর্থ: তিনি বুদ্ধিমান, যিনি তার রাগ সংযত করেন।
  

6. Choose the correct phrasal verbs from the list given below to replace the words underlined. List: bring out, break out, set up

(i) Dengue has appeared in the locality.

Answer: Dengue has broken out in the locality.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• break out → অর্থ “প্রসারিত হওয়া” বা “মহামারী বা যুদ্ধ শুরু হওয়া”।
  অর্থ: এলাকায় ডেঙ্গু ছড়িয়ে পড়েছে।
  

(ii) They published a magazine recently.

Answer: They brought out a magazine recently.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• bring out → অর্থ “প্রকাশ করা” বা “প্রকাশিত করা” (to publish)।
  অর্থ: তারা সম্প্রতি একটি ম্যাগাজিন প্রকাশ করেছে।
  

(iii) Our school was established in 1956.

Answer: Our school was set up in 1956.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• set up → অর্থ “প্রতিষ্ঠা করা” (to establish)।
  অর্থ: আমাদের স্কুলটি ১৯৫৬ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল।
  

Page – 328

4. Fill in the blanks with suitable articles and prepositions:

(i) Once _________ ___________ time there lived a poor weaver in a village who was well-known as __________ artist.

Answer: Once upon a time there lived a poor weaver in a village who was well-known as an artist.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Once upon a time” → এটি একটি নির্দিষ্ট phrase (phrase অর্থে ‘এক সময়’)।
• “an artist” → “artist” শব্দটি vowel sound দিয়ে শুরু, তাই an ব্যবহার হয়।
  অর্থ: এক সময় এক দরিদ্র তাঁতি থাকত এক গ্রামে, যিনি একজন বিখ্যাত শিল্পী ছিলেন।
  

5. Change the following sentences into indirect speech:

(i) The captain said to the players, “We are going to avenge this defeat.”

Answer: The captain told the players that they were going to avenge that defeat.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “said to” → “told” হয়।
• Present continuous “are going” → Past continuous “were going”।
• “this” → “that” (time change)।
  অর্থ: অধিনায়ক খেলোয়াড়দের বললেন যে তারা এই পরাজয়ের প্রতিশোধ নিতে যাচ্ছিল।
  

(ii) Raja said, “Oh, how cold the wind is!”

Answer: Raja exclaimed with surprise that the wind was very cold.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Oh, how…” → emotion বোঝাচ্ছে → exclaimed with surprise ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• Present “is” → Past “was”।
  অর্থ: রাজা বিস্ময়ে exclaimed করলেন যে বাতাস খুব ঠান্ডা ছিল।
  

6. Change the voice of the following sentences:

(i) Mini was eating a mango.

Answer: A mango was being eaten by Mini.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Past Continuous Tense → Passive: was/were + being + V³।
  অর্থ: একটি আম মিনি দ্বারা খাওয়া হচ্ছিল।
  

(ii) The news will surprise him.

Answer: He will be surprised by the news.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Future Simple → Passive: will be + V³।
  অর্থ: খবরটি তাকে অবাক করবে।
  

7. Do as directed:

(i) Milton is one of the greatest poets in the world. (Turn into positive degree)
Answer: Very few poets in the world are as great as Milton.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “one of the greatest” → positive degree: very few…as great as।
  অর্থ: বিশ্বের খুব কম কবি মিলটনের মতো মহান।
  

(ii) She danced with great joy. (Underline the phrase and state its kind)
Answer: She danced with great joy.

Kind: Adverbial Phrase of Manner

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “with great joy” → কীভাবে নাচল তা বোঝাচ্ছে → Adverbial Phrase of Manner।
  অর্থ: সে অত্যন্ত আনন্দের সঙ্গে নাচল।

(iii) The chief guest distributed sweets among the children. (Replace the underlined word with a phrasal verb and rewrite)
Answer: The chief guest gave out sweets among the children.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• give out → অর্থ “distribute” (বিতরণ করা)।
  অর্থ: প্রধান অতিথি শিশুদের মধ্যে মিষ্টি বিতরণ করলেন।

(iv) She sings a song. (Rewrite the sentence using future continuous tense)
Answer: She will be singing a song.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Future Continuous: will be + V-ing
  অর্থ: সে একটি গান গাইবে (নির্দিষ্ট সময়ে গাইতে থাকবে)।

(v) He gave a pen which was red in colour. (Underline the clause and state its kind)
Answer: He gave a pen which was red in colour.

Kind: Adjective Clause

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Clause “which was red in colour” → “pen” noun-টি বর্ণনা করছে → Adjective Clause।
  অর্থ: সে একটি লাল রঙের কলম দিয়েছিল।

8. Add suitable prefix or suffix or both to the words given in the brackets and fill in the blanks:

(i) India became an __________ (dependent) nation in 1947.

Answer: India became an independent nation in 1947.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Prefix in- যোগে বিপরীত অর্থ তৈরি হয়।
  অর্থ: ভারত ১৯৪৭ সালে একটি স্বাধীন দেশ হয়ে উঠেছিল।

(ii) The doctor gave us __________ (assure).

Answer: The doctor gave us assurance.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Noun গঠনের জন্য suffix -ance যোগ করা হয়।
  অর্থ: ডাক্তার আমাদের আশ্বাস দিলেন।
  

Page – 333

A. Add suitable prefix or suffix to the words given in brackets to complete the sentences meaningfully:

(i) Then with a blink the fairy __________ (appeared) leaving a beautiful dress behind.

Answer: Then with a blink the fairy disappeared leaving a beautiful dress behind.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Prefix “dis–” যোগ করে “appeared” শব্দের বিপরীত অর্থ “disappeared” (অদৃশ্য হয়ে যাওয়া)।
  অর্থ: চোখের পলকে পরীটি অদৃশ্য হয়ে গেল, পেছনে রেখে গেল সুন্দর একটি পোশাক।
  

(ii) Her sudden death left him literally __________ (speech) for days.

Answer: Her sudden death left him literally speechless for days.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Suffix “-less” মানে “without” → অর্থাৎ “speechless” মানে “বাকরুদ্ধ”।
  অর্থ: তার হঠাৎ মৃত্যু তাকে কয়েকদিনের জন্য বাকরুদ্ধ করে দিল।
  

B. Fill in the blanks with proper form of verbs:

(i) If I __________ (be) a bird, I would __________ (fly) in the sky.

Answer: If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Conditional (imaginary) sentence → “If I were” ব্যবহৃত হয় “was” নয়।
  অর্থ: যদি আমি পাখি হতাম, তাহলে আমি আকাশে উড়তাম।
  

(ii) The thief __________ (flee) before the police __________ (come) to the spot.

Answer: The thief had fled before the police came to the spot.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Past Perfect + Simple Past → প্রথম ক্রিয়া (পালিয়ে যাওয়া) আগে ঘটেছে → had + V³।
  অর্থ: পুলিশ আসার আগেই চোরটি পালিয়ে গিয়েছিল।

C. Do as directed:

(i) I saw a girl. Her eyes were blue. (Join using relative clause)
Answer: I saw a girl whose eyes were blue.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• দুইটি বাক্যকে relative pronoun “whose” দিয়ে যুক্ত করা হয়েছে।
  অর্থ: আমি এমন এক মেয়েকে দেখলাম যার চোখ নীল।

(ii) He worked hard. He wanted to pass the exam. (Join using infinitive)
Answer: He worked hard to pass the exam.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে to + V₁ (infinitive) ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  অর্থ: সে পরীক্ষায় পাশ করার জন্য কঠোর পরিশ্রম করেছিল।

(iii) I need to __________ (rush) if I want to catch the bus. (Use synonym of the word given in bracket)
Answer: I need to hurry if I want to catch the bus.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “rush” শব্দের সমার্থক (synonym) হলো hurry।
  অর্থ: বাস ধরতে চাইলে আমাকে তাড়াহুড়া করতে হবে।

(iv) Bravery: __________ (Write the antonym)
Answer: Bravery: Cowardice

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Bravery” (সাহস) এর বিপরীত শব্দ Cowardice (ভীরুতা)।
  অর্থ: সাহস ↔ ভীরুতা।

(v) Physics __________ (is / are) his favourite subject. (Choose the correct alternative)
Answer: Physics is his favourite subject.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “Physics” দেখতে plural হলেও অর্থে singular subject (একটি বিষয়)।
  অর্থ: পদার্থবিজ্ঞান তার প্রিয় বিষয়।

(vi) We should conserve __________ (drink) water. (Use gerund form of the verb given in bracket)
Answer: We should conserve drinking water.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Gerund = Verb + ing → noun এর কাজ করে।
  অর্থ: আমাদের পানীয় জল সংরক্ষণ করা উচিত।
  

(vii) They failed to execute their objectives. (Rewrite using appropriate phrasal verb for the underlined word)
Answer: They failed to carry out their objectives.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• carry out → অর্থ “to perform / to execute” (বাস্তবায়ন করা)।
  অর্থ: তারা তাদের লক্ষ্য বাস্তবায়নে ব্যর্থ হয়েছিল।

(viii) He was gone the farthest of all. (Change into positive degree)
Answer: No one else had gone as far as he.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Superlative → Positive:
  “the farthest” → “as far as” এ পরিবর্তন হয়।
  অর্থ: তার মতো এত দূর আর কেউ যায়নি।
  

Page – 337

4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles and prepositions:

Sentence: The green anaconda is a semi-aquatic snake found ______ South America. It is the largest snake in the world by weight. It can reach a length ______ 30 feet, which makes it ______ second longest snake of the reticulated python.

Answer: The green anaconda is a semi-aquatic snake found in South America. It is the largest snake in the world by weight. It can reach a length of 30 feet, which makes it the second longest snake of the reticulated python.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• in South America → স্থানের আগে “in” preposition ব্যবহৃত।
• length of 30 feet → “of” দিয়ে পরিমাণ বোঝানো হয়।
• the second longest → ordinal numbers (first, second, etc.)-এর আগে “the” ব্যবহার হয়।

অর্থ: সবুজ অ্যানাকোন্ডা দক্ষিণ আমেরিকায় পাওয়া এক ধরনের আধা-জলজ সাপ। এটি ওজনের দিক থেকে বিশ্বের সবচেয়ে বড় সাপ। এটি ৩০ ফুট পর্যন্ত লম্বা হতে পারে, যা এটিকে রেটিকুলেটেড পাইথনের পর দ্বিতীয় দীর্ঘতম সাপে পরিণত করে।

5. Do as directed:

(i) Has he been arrested by the police? (Change the voice)
Answer: Have the police arrested him?

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Passive → Active: Has been arrested → Have arrested।
  অর্থ: পুলিশ কি তাকে গ্রেফতার করেছে?
  

(ii) The cowboy repeatedly shouted for help. (Change the narration)
Answer: The cowboy shouted repeatedly that he needed help.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Reported speechে “for help” → “that he needed help” হয়।
• Past tense “shouted” → পরিবর্তন হয় না কারণ reporting verb নিজেই past।

অর্থ: কাউবয় চেঁচিয়ে বলল যে তার সাহায্য প্রয়োজন।

(iii) The learned are respected. (Turn into a complex sentence)
Answer: Those who are learned are respected.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “The + adjective” → complex formে “Those who are + adjective” হয়।
  অর্থ: যারা শিক্ষিত, তারা সম্মানিত।
  

(iv) I have promises. I must keep them. (Join into a simple sentence by using an infinitive)
Answer: I have promises to keep.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “I must keep them” → infinitive phrase “to keep” দিয়ে প্রকাশ করা যায়।
  অর্থ: আমার রাখার প্রতিশ্রুতি আছে।
  

(v) I shall come. My being alone is a condition. (Join using an adverbial clause)
Answer: I shall come if I am alone.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Condition বোঝাতে “if” ব্যবহার হয়।
  অর্থ: আমি আসব যদি আমি একা থাকি।
  

(vi) Everybody loves me but you do not. (Turn into a simple sentence)
Answer: Everybody loves me except you.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “but” → simple sentenceে “except” হয়।
  অর্থ: সবাই আমাকে ভালোবাসে, তুমি ছাড়া।
  

6. Replace the underlined words by choosing the correct phrasal verbs from the list given below. [List: break away, break out, put down, put up with]

(i) None can tolerate such injustice.

Answer: None can put up with such injustice.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• put up with = “সহ্য করা” (to tolerate)।
  অর্থ: এমন অন্যায় কেউ সহ্য করতে পারে না।

(ii) Please write what I say.

Answer: Please put down what I say.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• put down = “লিখে রাখা” (to write)।
  অর্থ: আমি যা বলছি, অনুগ্রহ করে তা লিখে রাখ।

(iii) The thief escaped from prison.

Answer: The thief broke out from prison.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• break out = “পালিয়ে যাওয়া” বা “escape”।
  অর্থ: চোরটি জেল থেকে পালিয়ে গিয়েছিল।

Page – 341

4. Choose the correct alternative to fill in the blanks:

Sentence: It __________ (has / has been / had been) raining since 8 am today. It __________ (becoming / becomes / became) difficult to go to school.  I had to __________ (stay / stayed / been staying) at home.

Answer: It has been raining since 8 am today. It became difficult to go to school. I had to stay at home.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• has been raining → Present Perfect Continuous (since + time)
• became → past tense (already happened)
• stay → base verb (after “had to”)

সকাল ৮টা থেকে বৃষ্টি হচ্ছে। স্কুলে যাওয়া কঠিন হয়ে গেল, তাই বাড়িতে থাকতে হলো।

5. Change the voice of the following sentences:

(i) He was gifted a storybook by me.

Answer: I gifted him a storybook.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Passive → Active: “was gifted by me” → “I gifted him.”

(ii) What do you want from me?

Answer: What is wanted from me by you?

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Active → Passive: “do you want” → “is wanted by you.”

6. Change the mode of narration of the following sentences:

(i) My doctor said to me, “See a heart specialist.”

Answer: My doctor advised me to see a heart specialist.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Direct to Indirect: said to → advised, imperative → “to + verb.”

(ii) The Bishop said, “May God pardon the sinner.”

Answer: The Bishop prayed that God might pardon the sinner.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Optative sentence → “prayed that” used, “may → might.”

7. Replace the underlined words by choosing correct phrasal verbs from the list:

(i) An ideal student should arrive at school in time. (List not fully visible, but common options: turn up, bring up, call off, etc.)
Answer: An ideal student should turn up at school in time.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• turn up = arrive / appear (পৌঁছানো)।
  এক আদর্শ ছাত্রকে সময়মতো স্কুলে উপস্থিত হতে হবে।

7(ii) The villagers could not understand what the leader said. (List: turn up, keep up, make out)
Answer: The villagers could not make out what the leader said.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• make out = understand (বুঝতে পারা)।
  গ্রামবাসীরা বুঝতে পারেনি নেতা কী বলেছিলেন।

8. Do as directed: 

(i) He sold his bicycle. His intention was to buy a motorcycle. (Join into a simple sentence)
Answer: He sold his bicycle to buy a motorcycle.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে “to + verb” (infinitive) ব্যবহার হয়।
  সে মোটরসাইকেল কেনার জন্য তার সাইকেল বিক্রি করল।
  

(ii) Seeing is believing. (Rewrite using infinitive)
Answer: To see is to believe.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Gerund “seeing” → infinitive “to see”
• Gerund “believing” → infinitive “to believe”
  দেখা মানেই বিশ্বাস করা।

(iii) I love to look at the __________ (bound) sky. (Add suitable prefix or suffix to the word in bracket)
Answer: I love to look at the boundless sky.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “-less” = without → “boundless” = সীমাহীন।
  আমি সীমাহীন আকাশের দিকে তাকাতে ভালোবাসি।

(iv) Shubman Gill batted against the fast bowlers without any fear. (Split into two sentences)
Answer: Shubman Gill batted against the fast bowlers. He had no fear.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• “without any fear” অংশকে আলাদা বাক্যে রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।
  শুভমন গিল দ্রুতগতির বোলারদের বিরুদ্ধে ব্যাট করলেন। তাঁর কোন ভয় ছিল না।
  

Page – 346

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate article and preposition:

One __________ them climbed the tree. The other one did not know how to do so. So he lay __________ the ground pretending to be dead.

Answer: One of them climbed the tree. The other one did not know how to do so. So he lay on the ground pretending to be dead.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

of → “one of them” মানে তাদের মধ্যে একজন।

on the ground → মাটির উপর (স্থান বোঝাতে “on”)।

তাদের একজন গাছে উঠল, আরেকজন মাটিতে শুয়ে মৃত সাজল।

B. Fill in the blanks with proper form of verbs given in brackets:

(i) Each of the villagers __________ (have) great respect for him because he is an MLA.

Answer: has

(ii) Naren along with his brother __________ (be) present there.

Answer: is

(iii) His friends as well as his cousin __________ (be) present now.

Answer: are

Explanation (বাংলায়):

Each of → singular → “has”

along with doesn’t change number → “Naren … is”

friends plural → “are”

C. Underline the dependent clauses and state their kinds:

(i) When it was raining hard, my father returned home.

Answer: Dependent Clause: “When it was raining hard” → Adverbial Clause of Time

(ii) That he is honest is known to all.

Answer: Dependent Clause: “That he is honest” → Noun Clause (Subject of the verb ‘is known’)

Explanation (বাংলায়):

“When it was raining hard” → সময় বোঝাচ্ছে।

“That he is honest” → বাক্যের subject।

D. Do as directed:

(i) The teacher praised the students for their hard work. (Change the voice)

Answer: The students were praised by the teacher for their hard work.

(ii) The teacher said, “Water boils at 100°C.” (Change into indirect speech)

Answer: The teacher said that water boils at 100°C.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

Universal truth → tense change হয় না।

(iii) He has been singing for 5pm. (Rewrite by correcting the error)

Answer: He has been singing since 5pm.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

since → point of time

for → period of time

এখানে নির্দিষ্ট সময় (5pm) আছে → since ব্যবহার হবে।

(iv) None but a fool can do this. (Turn into an affirmative sentence)

Answer: Only a fool can do this.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

“None but” → affirmative formে “Only” হয়।

(v) Although he is rich, he doesn’t help the poor. (Make it simple)

Answer: In spite of being rich, he doesn’t help the poor.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

“Although” → simple formে “In spite of” বা “Despite” হয়।

(vi) Do or die. (Make it complex)

Answer: If you do not do it, you will die.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

Complex form “if” clause যুক্ত হয়।

Page – 354

4. Do as directed: 

(i) He said, “What a beautiful sight it is!” (Turn into indirect speech)

Answer: He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sight.

Explanation (বাংলায়):

• Exclamatory sentence → “exclaimed that” ব্যবহার হয়।
• “What a beautiful sight it is!” → meaning → “It is a very beautiful sight.”
• tense পরিবর্তন: “is” → “was”

সে বিস্মিত হয়ে বলল যে, এটি একটি অত্যন্ত সুন্দর দৃশ্য ছিল।

(ii) The girl had knitted a sweater. (Change the voice)

Answer: A sweater had been knitted by the girl.

বাংলায়:

• Passive voice করতে “had been + past participle” ব্যবহার হয়।
  “মেয়েটি একটি সোয়েটার বুনেছিল।” → “একটি সোয়েটার মেয়েটির দ্বারা বোনা হয়েছিল।”

(iii) The thief confessed that he stole the money. (Underline the clause and state its kind)

Answer: that he stole the money → Noun Clause (object of confessed)

বাংলা ব্যাখ্যা:

• “that he stole the money” অংশটি “confessed” ক্রিয়ার অবজেক্ট হিসেবে কাজ করছে।
  তাই এটি একটি Noun Clause।
  

(iv) The teacher sat on a broken chair. (Underline the phrase and state its kind)

Answer: on a broken chair → Prepositional Phrase (Adverbial Phrase of Place)

বাংলা ব্যাখ্যা:

• “on” preposition আছে, স্থান বোঝাচ্ছে → Adverbial Phrase of Place।

(v) Dengue broke out in many parts of West Bengal. (Turn into past perfect tense)

Answer: Dengue had broken out in many parts of West Bengal.

বাংলা:

• “broke out” → past → “had broken out” → past perfect tense।
  

(vi) Here the temple was located. (Rewrite using the noun form of ‘located’)

Answer: Here was the location of the temple.

বাংলা ব্যাখ্যা:

• “located” → noun form → “location”।
• “এখানেই মন্দিরের অবস্থান ছিল।”

(vii) Adam has a tendency to steal. (Split the sentence)

Answer: Adam has a tendency. He likes to steal.

বাংলা:

• দুইটি পৃথক বাক্যে ভাগ করা হয়েছে।
  “আদামের একটি অভ্যাস আছে। সে চুরি করতে ভালোবাসে।”

(viii) Common salt was very __________ (value) in those days. (Add a prefix or suffix)

Answer: Common salt was very valuable in those days.

বাংলা ব্যাখ্যা:

• “value” + “able” = “valuable” অর্থাৎ “মূল্যবান”।

(ix) Start (Make a meaningful sentence with the given word)

Answer: The meeting will start at 10 a.m.

বাংলা:

• “সভা সকাল ১০টায় শুরু হবে।”

(x) The box was __________ (heavy). (Use antonym of the word given in bracket)

Answer: The box was light.

বাংলা:

• “heavy” এর বিপরীত শব্দ → “light” (হালকা)।

(xi) Amina was __________ the kitchen. (Use appropriate preposition)

Answer: Amina was in the kitchen.

বাংলা:

• “in the kitchen” → ঘরের ভিতরে (ভিতরের স্থান বোঝাচ্ছে)।

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of the verbs given in the brackets:

Question: Helen tried to __________ (do) things for herself. She __________ (learn) to dress and undress herself without help and to comb her hair and to __________ (tie) a ribbon. And then, when she __________ (be) seven years old Anne Sullivan came in her life.

Answer: Helen tried to do things for herself. She learned to dress and undress herself without help and to comb her hair and to tie a ribbon. And then, when she was seven years old, Anne Sullivan came into her life.

বাংলা ব্যাখ্যা:

• tried to do → infinitive (কাজ করার চেষ্টা করেছে)
• learned → past tense (অতীতে শিখেছিল)
• tie → infinitive (ফিতা বাঁধা)
• was → অতীতকাল বোঝায় (যখন তার বয়স সাত বছর ছিল)
  

B. Do as directed:

(i) Smoke had filled the room. (Change the voice)

Answer: The room had been filled with smoke.

বাংলা: ধোঁয়ায় ঘরটি ভরে গিয়েছিল।

(ii) Air is lighter than water. (Change into positive degree)

Answer: Water is not so light as air.

বাংলা: জল বাতাসের মতো হালকা নয়।

(iii) He said to me, “Read carefully.” (Change the mode of narration)

Answer: He told me to read carefully.

বাংলা: সে আমাকে সাবধানে পড়তে বলল।
(“said to” → “told” কারণ এটি একটি আদেশমূলক বাক্য।)

(iv) The news is very good. It cannot be true. (Join with an infinitive)

Answer: The news is too good to be true.

বাংলা: খবরটি এত ভালো যে তা সত্য হতে পারে না।
(“too + adjective + to + verb” → অতিরিক্ত মাত্রা বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।)

(v) He is angry with us. Do you know the reason? (Join with a relative clause)

Answer: Do you know the reason why he is angry with us?

বাংলা: তুমি কি জানো কেন সে আমাদের ওপর রেগে আছে?

(vi) Every nook and every corner __________ (was / were) searched. (Use the correct alternative)

Answer: Every nook and every corner was searched.

বাংলা: প্রতিটি কোণ ও ফাঁক পরীক্ষা করা হয়েছিল।
(“every” → singular, তাই “was” ব্যবহৃত।)

(vii) The __________ (read) of books is my favourite pastime. (Use gerund form)

Answer: The reading of books is my favourite pastime.

বাংলা: বই পড়া আমার প্রিয় বিনোদন।
(“reading” → gerund অর্থাৎ ক্রিয়া থেকে গঠিত noun।)

(viii) She showed great __________ (brave) during the rescue mission. (Add a prefix or suffix)

Answer: She showed great bravery during the rescue mission.

বাংলা: উদ্ধার অভিযানের সময় সে প্রচণ্ড সাহস দেখিয়েছিল।
(“brave” + “-ry” → “bravery” অর্থ সাহস।)

Teacher’s Note – From Experience to Excellence

As a professional English teacher with over 27 years of experience, I have seen how WBBSE students often struggle with tense, voice, and narration.

That’s why these notes focus on clarity, consistency, and confidence — ensuring that every student can score full marks in grammar without fear. Just remember: “Grammar is not about memorizing rules — it’s about understanding the rhythm of language.”